Ratified December 15, 1791
Bundles five distinct freedoms into one sentence: Congress can't establish an official religion or block anyone's religious practice, can't restrict speech or the press, and can't stop people from peacefully assembling or petitioning the government. It originally restrained only the federal government; the Supreme Court later applied nearly all of it to the states as well, through the 14th Amendment.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.