🇺🇸SearchMyRep
📜

The Constitution of the United States

The full text — Preamble, all seven Articles, the Bill of Rights, and every Amendment through the 27th — transcribed from the National Archives, with a plain-English summary alongside each one.

Preamble

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Constitution's opening sentence — not a legal rule itself, but a statement of purpose. It explains why the document exists: to build a stronger union than the one that existed under the Articles of Confederation, and to secure justice, peace, defense, general welfare, and liberty for the country, both then and for future generations.

The Seven Articles

The original 1787 framework: how the federal government is structured and how the document itself can change.

Article I
The Legislative Branch
Creates Congress and gives it all federal lawmaking power, split between the House of Repr…
Article II
The Executive Branch
Establishes the Presidency: a 4-year term, elected (along with the Vice President) through…
Article III
The Judicial Branch
Creates the Supreme Court and gives Congress power to create lower federal courts beneath …
Article IV
States, Citizens, and Federalism
Governs relationships between the states: they must honor each other's laws and court judg…
Article V
The Amendment Process
The Constitution's own instructions for changing itself. An amendment can be proposed eith…
Article VI
Federal Supremacy
Contains the "Supremacy Clause": the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are "the sup…
Article VII
Ratification
The closing article: the Constitution itself would take effect once nine of the thirteen s…

The Bill of Rights

Amendments 1–10

Ratified December 15, 1791 — the foundational protections for individual rights against the federal government.

Amendment I
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
Bundles five distinct freedoms into one sentence: Congress can't establish an official rel…
Amendment II
Right to Bear Arms
One sentence, two much-debated clauses: a justification ("A well regulated Militia, being …
Amendment III
Quartering of Soldiers
Bans the government from forcing homeowners to house soldiers in peacetime without consent…
Amendment IV
Search and Seizure
Protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures" and requires that warrants be specif…
Amendment V
Rights of Persons: Due Process, Self-Incrimination, Double Jeopardy
A cluster of protections for anyone accused of a crime: a grand jury must indict for serio…
Amendment VI
Rights of the Accused at Trial
Guarantees the core mechanics of a fair criminal trial: a speedy, public trial before an i…
Amendment VII
Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases
Extends the right to a jury trial to civil (non-criminal) lawsuits above a certain dollar …
Amendment VIII
Excessive Bail, Fines, and Cruel and Unusual Punishment
One sentence that bans three things: excessive bail, excessive fines, and "cruel and unusu…
Amendment IX
Rights Retained by the People
A safeguard against a specific worry the framers had: that listing certain rights (in the …
Amendment X
Powers Reserved to the States and the People
The Bill of Rights' closing statement of federalism: any power the Constitution doesn't gi…

Later Amendments

Amendments 11 through 27, ratified between 1795 and 1992 — everything from abolishing slavery to lowering the voting age.

Amendment XI
Suits Against States
The first amendment added after the Bill of Rights, prompted directly by a Supreme Court c…
Amendment XII
Election of President and Vice President
Rewrote how the Electoral College works after the chaotic 1800 election, in which Thomas J…
Amendment XIII
Abolition of Slavery
The first of the three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after the Civil War. It abolishe…
Amendment XIV
Citizenship, Equal Protection, and Due Process
One of the most consequential amendments in the Constitution. Section 1 defines citizenshi…
Amendment XV
Right to Vote Regardless of Race
The last of the three Reconstruction Amendments: it bars denying or restricting the right …
Amendment XVI
Federal Income Tax
Overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision that had struck down a federal income tax as an …
Amendment XVII
Direct Election of Senators
Originally, state legislatures chose U.S. Senators (Article I, Section 3). This amendment …
Amendment XVIII
Prohibition of Alcohol
Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of "intoxicating liquors" nationwide — th…
Amendment XIX
Women's Suffrage
Guarantees that the right to vote cannot be denied "on account of sex" — the culmination o…
Amendment XX
Presidential Term and Succession ("Lame Duck" Amendment)
Moved Inauguration Day from March 4th to January 20th, and moved the start of a new Congre…
Amendment XXI
Repeal of Prohibition
Repeals the 18th Amendment outright, ending nationwide Prohibition. Section 2 leaves state…
Amendment XXII
Presidential Term Limits
Limits a President to two elected terms — codifying the two-term tradition every President…
Amendment XXIII
Electoral Votes for Washington, D.C.
Gives Washington, D.C. electoral votes for President, even though it's not a state and has…
Amendment XXIV
Abolition of Poll Taxes
Bans poll taxes — fees charged to vote — in federal elections. These taxes had been used f…
Amendment XXV
Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Succession
Written after President Kennedy's assassination exposed gaps in the original Constitution'…
Amendment XXVI
Voting Age Lowered to 18
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 nationwide. Driven largely by the Vietnam War-era arg…
Amendment XXVII
Congressional Pay Raises
The Constitution's most recently ratified amendment, and its strangest ratification story:…