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Home Constitution Amendment IX
9th Amendment
Bill of Rights

Rights Retained by the People

Ratified December 15, 1791

In Plain English

A safeguard against a specific worry the framers had: that listing certain rights (in the other nine amendments) might be read to imply that any right not listed doesn't exist. This amendment says the opposite — the list isn't exhaustive, and the people retain other rights beyond what's written down.

Full Text

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

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